Learning language, is a question of habit formation. Besides, i introduced the notion of the classical term interference, and i even trid to. Contrastive analysis interlanguage error analysis is the property of its rightful owner. No uniformity is evident in contrastive analysis hypothesis. Jun 25, 20 this looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. Contrastive analysis is viewed as an interlinguistic, bidirectional phenomenon which is concerned with both the form and function of language. In this book, lado claimed that those elements which are similar to the learners native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. The strong version of the hypothesis is untenable and even the weak version creates difficulties for the linguist. Contrastive hypothesismorphology structure malay morphology arabic differences similaritiesconclusion 1.
Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis request pdf. These theories can help both language teachers and their students to understand l2 language learning process. The strong form claims that we can predict l2 errors by identifying the differences between l1 and l2. Contrastive analysis literature crosslinguistictransfer. Importance of errors in the process of learning and acquiring a language. The corpusbased approach the relationship between contrastive linguistics cl and translation studies ts as two disciplines within the field of applied linguistics has been explored in depth by. Contrastive analysis and native language identification. Contrastive analysis and error analysis between the english. His proposed revision, the markedness differential hypothesis mdh, is stated below.
For example, german learners persist for some time in making erroneous choices between much and many despite the fact that german also makes a. Contrastive and error analysis based teaching strategies may 1998 mohammad umar farooq aichi womens junior college 1. Outline the assumptions of contrastive analysis and critically examine the procedures associated with this hypothesis. The following assumptions mav be said to underlie the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Along with this, moderate version of contrastive analysis hypothesis cah is used as a method for describing prepositional systems of kurdish and english languages as bloomfield 1933, fries 1945 and lado 1957 claimed that by comparing the systems of the native language and language to be. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah should be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty. Contrastive analysis hypothesis is an area of comparative linguistics which is concerned with the comparison of two or more languages to determine the. Contrastive analysis, error analysis and interlanguage in. Contrastive analysis suffers from under prediction and over prediction. The claim that the best language teaching materials are based on a contrast of the two competing. The assumption which contrastive hypothesis asserts was what made linguists to create the contrastive analysis hypothesis, which assumes that by analysing and comparing two language systems it can be seen where the learner may counter some difficulties and by doing that, the teacher can adjust his curriculum to minimise the errors and the effort of the learner. The individuals tend to transfer the forms and meanings and the distribution of forms and. A critical survey of contrastive analysis hypothesis in a.
Comparing and contrasting submodalities of different states or two different internal representations with each other and finding the critical submodalities. Contrastive analysis and error analysis in combination with. Wardhaugh 1970 pointed out that the contrastive analysis hypothesis exists in a strong and a weak form. Theories of second language acquisition sla play an important role in second language l2 learning.
According to this hypothesis, interference was a main source of errors in the process of second language. Supported by the behaviorist psychology which justified the learning process by a series of stimulus and responses. Students of a foreign language transfer the items, categories and structures of their native language to the target language. Each theory accounts for l2 acquisition from a different perspective. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity.
It even seems that contrastive studies should rather be regarded as an approach, not as a branch of general linguistics. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957. The application of contrastive analysis in the classroom. This is a brief overview of contrastive analysis for the reader to understand the main points. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in lados linguistics across cultures 1957. Contrastive analysis hypothesis crosslinguistic influence. However, markedness theories predict it is not necessarily the structural differences that will lead to difficulty but the differences in markedness relations will do. In the remainder of this discussion, i will conduct a contrastive analysis in which i compare the languages respective consonant and vowel systems, as well as a brief exploration of some phonotactic constraints. The strong version is a priori, and the weak version is a posteriori in its treatment of errors.
If so, share your ppt presentation slides online with. Readers are encouraged to study more indepth to gain a full appreciation of this hypothesis. A part of the difficulties can be attributed to the mother. Contrastive analysis point of view proposed by lado 1957 in that structural differences between l1 and l2 will lead to learning difficulty. The contrastive analysis hypothesis lado 1957 simply assumed that areas of difficulty might be predicted on the basis of comparison of the l1 with the l2 what is different will be difficult. L1 and l2, pointing at the specific features of each language system in its major areas. Gast explained that a l n stands for the analysis of a language l n and ac l1 l2 for the contrastive analysis of two languages l1 and l2.
The strong version of the hypothesis is untenable and even the. As such, contrastive analysis must view language psycholinguistically and sociolinguistically as a system to be both described and acquired. Contrastive analysis if language is a set of habits and if l1 habits can interfere with tl habits, then the proper focus of teaching should be on where the l1 and tl differ, since these are going to be the places which cause the most trouble for learners. Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of. The purpose of this study is to gather empirical evidence through an error anaqsis of the interlanguage of speakers of a source. This looks at ways contrastive analysis hypothesis helps teachers predict errors that may occur. Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis.
Ca is inadequate to predict the interference problems of a language learner. Cah applies the following procedure when attempting to predict areas of difficulty, as illustrated or stated by whitman 1970. This is often referred to as the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Although contrastive analysis has often been questioned for its inadequacy to predict the transfer errors that learners will make in actual learning contexts it cannot be easily denied that such interference does exist and can explain difficulties brown, 1994, p. In the course of the controversy over the viability of the cah in the last ten years, two versions of this hypothesis have emerged. Acomparisonoftheenglishandtagalogsoundsystems 3between these two languages. Contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian 2. Contrastive analysis hypothesis errro analysis hypothesis.
He goes on to point out subsequent theorists criticism of the subjectivity of original cah observations and presents research finding no support for the predictions of the contrastive analyses so carefully worked out by linguists p. Lado 1957 proposed contrastive analysis hypothesis cah to explain the correlation between a native language l1 and a second language l2 in l2 acquisition. Error analysis, interlanguage and second language acquisition. Contrastive linguistics and translation studies interconnected. For example, german learners persist for some time in making erroneous choices between much and many despite the fact that german also makes a formal distinction between singular viel and plural viele. The contrastive analysis hypothesis english language essay. This means that their old habits may interfere with their learning task. For example, we compare bahasa indonesia and english. Critical examination of the assumptions of contrastive analysis. An overview of contrastive analysis hypothesis dergipark. Markedness and second language acquisition of word order. The change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be. Document resume the contrastive analysis hypothesis.
View contrastive analysis research papers on academia. In this video, i gave a basic explanation of the principles of the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Linguistic levels of analysis contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology and pragmatics. Still a third hypothesis, and the one which is of special interest in this paper, is the contrastive analysis hypothesis, a hypothesis of particular this paper was presented at the tesol convention, march 1970. My analysis focuses on the weak version what is transfer. Mar 06, 2014 linguistic levels of analysis contrastive analysis includes all fields of linguistics such as phonology, semantics, syntax, morphology and pragmatics. Along with this, moderate version of contrastive analysis hypothesis cah is used as a method for describing prepositional systems of kurdish and english languages as bloomfield 1933, fries 1945 and lado 1957 claimed that by comparing the systems of the native language and language to. And even if the answer to that question is a more or less hesitant affirmative, then one may well question the value to teachers and curriculum workers.
The advantage of exploiting contrastive analysis in teaching and learning a f oreign language. Wardhaugh, director of the english language institute of the university of. Contrastive analysis hypotheses cah strong version the change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated to the differences between the structure of the students native language and culture and that of. It exists in strong and weak versions, the strong one arising from evidence from the availability of some kind of metatheory of contrastive analysis and the weak from evidence from language interference. The contrastive analysis hypothesis contrastive analysis ca is defined as a sub discipline of linguistics concerned with the comparison of two or. Here we provide an overview of those processes as applied to content analysis, discuss reliability and validity in the context of content analysis, and conclude with an example of research that used content analysis. The definition ca is sla approach that compares features of l1 and l2 in order to determine the similarities and differences of l1 to l2 3. Full text of contrastive analysis and error analysis a. The contrastive analysis hypothesis is founded on the assumption that learners tend to transfer grammatical and phonological features peculiar to their native tongue to the second language. According to the contrastive analysis hypothesis formulated by. This paper sheds some light on the main ideas involved in two theories of second language acquisition. Lado, the study of second language acquisition, rod ellis p. Contrastive analysis is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the second language learner by evaluating languages m. Oct 17, 2017 in this video, i gave a basic explanation of the principles of the contrastive analysis hypothesis.
However, contrastive analysis certainly cannot predict these developmental errors. This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any particular language and independently of the facts concerning second language acquisition. Contrastive linguistic between language particular analysis and application gast, n. Eg when you think of something that you like do you have a picture. The main difference between the approximative system hypothesis and the interlanguage hypothesis is that the latter emphasizes the structurally intermediate status of the learners language system between mother tongue and target language, while the former emphasizes the transitional and dynamic nature of the system keshavarz, 1999. At the end are guiding questions for the educator to contemplate instruction and contrastive analysis. It cannot find out the errors which are committed by the learners due to overgeneralization. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. Introduction this paper will try to explain what is meant by contrastive analysis and give a brief background of its development. Contrastive analysis hypothesis and krashans monitor model.
There are various theories and approaches of sla which try to explain how l2 learning takes place. Contrastive analysis hypotheses cah strong version the change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated to the differences between the structure of the students native language and culture and that of the target language and culture. Although contrastive analysis has often been questioned for its inadequacy to predict the transfer errors that learners will make in actual learning. Contrastive analysis hypothesis by lin laoshi on prezi.
Theories of second language acquisition the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah in the 1950s, the study of second language acquisition sla was largely based on the contrastive hypothesis or contrastive analysis hypothesis, cah. A contrastive analysis must proceed through four steps. Doc contrastive analysis aleksandar grujic academia. These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. The psychological basis of this transfer theory is elaborated and formulated within a stimulusresponse behaviorist theory of psychology. Contrastive analysis means the comparison of two languages by paying attention to differences and similarities between languages being compared.
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